Complex ion has a metal ion at its centre with a number of other molecules or ions surrounding it that are attached to the central ion by dative covalent (coordinate) bonds.
Ligands are the molecules or ions surrounding the central ion, for example: water, ammonia and chloride ions. These ligands have active lone pairs of electrons in their outer energy level which are used in the dative covalent bond with the metal ions.
All ligands are lone pair donors. Therefore, all ligands function as lewis bases.
Dative covalent bonds are:
covalent bonds in which both electrons come from the same atom, unlike in a simple covalent bond where each atom supplies one electron. Remember: in covalent bonds two atoms share a pair of electrons. Both atoms are held together due to the forces of attraction between the positive nuclei and the shared pair of electrons.
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